3D virtual and printed models often add important new anatomical findings and prompt alternative operative scenarios. In pediatric and congenital cardiac surgery, personalized imaging and 3D modelling presents with a range of advantages, e.g., better understanding of complex anatomy, interactivity and hands-on approach, possibility for preoperative surgical planning and virtual surgery, ability to assess expected results, and improved communication within the multidisciplinary team and with patients.

Three-dimensional (3D) modelling and printing methods greatly support advances in individualized medicine and surgery.